The Better Angels Of Our Nature - 2252 Words

The history of human nature has been bloody, painful, and even destructive. Nonetheless, before understanding their environments humans used to kill each other based on their own mindset on the ideal of violence, and what it actually meant. Pinker describes narratives of violent acts from the past, that today are foreign to us. He gives us a tour of the historical human violence and how the violence in human nature has changed throughout time. The main idea from Pinker’s book,â€Å"The Better Angels of Our Nature , is â€Å"for all the dangers we face today, the dangers of yesterday were even worse.† He provides its readers with explicit violent stories beginning from 8000 BCE to now, and describes how violence has evolved from a blood lost to more of a peaceful existence. In chapter one, A Foreign Country, Pinker starts off with the phrase, â€Å"life used to be violent and brutal† (Pinker; pg.1) Is that so?! Well, he takes it back to 8000 BCE until around 1970’s, to illustrate flashbacks of how history has prone to be more brutal than we thought. Societies during this time were tribes and free societies, in where men can do as he please. He describes the studies of many archeologists, radiologists, and forensic scientists, whom have become captivated with prehistoric remains that have yielded worldwide interests, as some have actually become part of museum exhibits. Particularly one in Britain, where â€Å"many visitors have been charmed by Lindow Man, an almost perfectly preservedShow MoreRelatedThe Better Angels Of Our Nature1209 Words   |  5 Pagesthe past. In this paper, just as pinker did in his book â€Å"The Better Angels of our Nature†, I will also argue that violence has decreased tremendously over the centuries by using numerous evidence and statistical data. The Pacification process, Civilizing process, and other sanctions throughout millenniums are just some of the changes that resulted in the decline of violence throughout history. In his book â€Å"The Better Angels of our Nature†, Pinker uses works from Homeric Greece, evidence from The OldRead MoreReview Of The Better Angels Of Our Nature By Steven Pinker1262 Words   |  6 Pagesdecline in warfare since 1990, examining the human nature approach of Steven Pinker, the shorter-term factors proposed by John Mueller and the alternative â€Å"New Wars† theory championed by Mary Kaldor. In combination, these approaches provide a general summary of the major strains of â€Å"declinist† literature and demonstrate the challenges of assessing the changing political violence and armed conflict after the Cold War. In â€Å"The Better Angels of our Nature†, Steven Pinker claims that the decline of warRead MoreThe Architecture Of Doom And Steven Pinker s The Better Angels Of Our Nature1535 Words   |  7 Pagesuses our inner demon of ideology to suppress our inner angels for his own gain. Hitler and those who, according to The Architecture of Doom, had also been denied by the world of art created his own ideology of beauty. This ideology of beauty required a pureness of blood, a cleanlier people to create a more perfect nation. Hitler used his artistic abilities to create a distorted vision of those he felt weren’t worthy. The Architecture of Doom and Steven Pinker’s The Better Angels of Our Nature showRead MoreAnalysis On Being Human Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as angels. Readers may also guess, by comparing this idea to the poems title On Being Human, that he intends to go on to compare this idea with our experience of the world from the implied lowliness of manki nds perspective. Students may wonder where the latter implication comes from, and in this, at the beginning of the poem at least, C.S. Lewis is no help at all in referring to a mysterious they who apparently hold that angels use intelligence alone to comprehend the forms of nature, notRead MoreThe Devil And His Fellow Evil Angels1428 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Contrary to popular views, the devil and his fellow evil angels are real threats and enemies to the world, raging an all-out war against Christians, but it is important to remember that we are not fighting this war alone—God is there fighting for us. I. Today’s view of the Devil and evil angels is almost a laughable view, or, as Lyle Lange puts it, a â€Å"fun-loving prankster† (Lange, 183) a. One view is of a shoulder devil. i. This is a devil with pointy horns and a trident in a full-body redRead MoreThe Spiritual Influence Of Angelology And Demonology782 Words   |  4 Pageswith this class. I have a healthy understanding of how the various mythologies of different cultures and societies through these many thousands of years have effected our interpretation of both angels and demons. All of the various readings throughout this course have built layer upon layer as to the diverse ideas concerning angels and demons. My personal presuppositions clearly have been influenced while opening my eyes to long held misconceptions as well as solidifying other concepts of interpretationRead MoreAnalysis Of Abraham Lincoln s First Inaugural Address1225 Words   |  5 PagesIn Abraham Lincoln’s first inaugural address, he mentions that â€Å"the better angels of our nature† will soon become prominent again within the Union. The better angels of our nature can be better understood by describing the â€Å"angels† as the morals and redeeming qualities that make people human. These â€Å"angels† include empathy, compassion, hope, joy, love, and the desire to strive for more. In Christianity, these â€Å"angels† could also be related the fruits of the spirit; the characteristics that come fromRead MoreTess of the DUberville1525 Words   |  7 PagesCharacters and Brief Description (include quotes): Tess Durbeyfield: oldest in family, beautiful, naà ¯ve, innocent, immature, runs away from her problems, prioritizes family first, believes anything Angel says. â€Å"Tess Durbeyfield at this time of her life was a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by experience.† Angel Clare: handsome, intelligent, youngest of 3 sons, father is a parson, expected to follow the rules of the church but instead rebels because he does not fully agree with the teachings of the churchRead MoreThe Role Of Russian Literature : The Pinnacle Of The World Of Humanity1314 Words   |  6 Pages The role of Russian literature is very difficult to interpret. This multifaceted role as literature itself. Gorky wrote Our literature - our pride. The pinnacle of the world of humanity - called Russian literature. Classical Russian literature - is a model for many people. All the same, Maxim Gorky wrote: Giant Pushkin - the greatest pride in our and most complete expression of the spiritual forces of Russia, and merciless to yourself and others Gogol, yearning Lermontov, sad Turgenev, wrathfulRead MoreA Very Old Man With Enormous Wings : A Tale For Children1534 Words   |  7 PagesHe also unwillingly challenged Father Gonzaga as he was deciphering whether the old man was an an gel or not and if his superiors in Rome would approve of it. Throughout the story, we see how the townspeople and the central characters interact with the old man with wings, and as a result, their attitude towards him reveals the essence of human nature that we can be blinded by appearances and swayed by our own prejudices about something. First of all, in order to understand the townspeople’s attitude

Eliot and Lawrence Free Essays

T. S. Eliot and D. We will write a custom essay sample on Eliot and Lawrence or any similar topic only for you Order Now H. Lawrence – Compare and Contrast their Techniques and Themes T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence, although they are both contemporary authors of Modernist period, express different values and techniques. They are both born in 1880s when the world enters the industrial age. While both witness the dynamic transition, they both criticize the modernity but in different methods. Two authors’ relations regarding techniques and themes would be analyzed by comparing Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915) and Lawrence’s two poem – How Beastly the Bourgeois is (1929) and Bavarian Gentians (1923). Eliot and Lawrence both display modernistic aspects. Modern middle class of England, so called Bourgeois is strongly criticized in Lawrence’s poem, How Beastly the Bourgeois is. The title itself clearly demonstrates Lawrence’s hostility towards bourgeois. The poem begins describing how bourgeois seem fancy outside. However, if he were let to be â€Å"faced with another man’s need, or to a bit of moral difficulty (11-12), he goes soggy like a wet meringue (13). He is all wormy and hollow inside just like an old mushroom. To Lawrence, bourgeois hold every aspect of cultural decay in the modern Western world. One of typical modernist tactic is to criticize modernity which includes the suddenly enhanced status of the middle class who lack corresponding intellectuals. Eliot also demonstrates Modernism. He was a key figure of Modernism and was so important a figure that the early Modernism era in 19th century is also called ‘The Age of Eliot’. In The Metaphysical Poets, written in 1915, he introduces his thoughts on what distinct features ‘Modern’ or ‘Metaphysical’ poets should use. Although his early poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is published prior to the book review, it also displays modernistic features. First of all, Prufrock, the speaker of the poem, is not going for ‘telos’. His utterances are not logically connected and thus fail to be accumulated into certain purpose. In this poem, his objective would be to declare his love as the title implies. However, all he does is to vision and revision (33). Constantly suggesting something bold but never do as so, he doesn’t move forward but always retreat. And indeed there will be time To wonder, ‘Do I dare? ’ and, ‘Do I dare? ’ Time to turn back and descend the stair, (37-39) His impotent feelings are shown in lines 39 as he descend the stair or as he uses the word ‘digress’ (66). He keeps inferring to ‘overwhelming question’ but it doesn’t lead to actions, which reminds of Bourgeois. Another similarity between Eliot and Lawrence’s poems is the coherent relationships between contents and structures. In Bavarian Gentians, gentians are compulsively modified by various embellishments. Bavarian gentians, big and dark, only dark arkening the daytime, torch-like, with the smoking blueness of Pluto’s gloom, 5ribbed and torch-like, with their blaze of darkness spread blue down flattening into points, flattened under the sweep of white day torch-flower of the blue-smoking darkness, Pluto’s dark-blue daze, black lamps from the halls of Dis, burning dark blue, giving off darkness, blue darkness, as Demeter’s pale lamps give off light, 10lead me then, lead the way. (3-10) Words or phrases such as â€Å"big and dark, only dark and again darkening the daytime† qualifies gentians and those embellishments don’t stop until the line 6 before the main verb ‘sweep’. Compulsive embellishments start again after the main verb, and what the speaker does from line 3 to 10 is just to describe how dark and blue the gentians are. This strikingly repetitive structure helps expressing the desperate desire the speaker has for deadly vitality. Bavarian gentians itself contains vitality as the word ‘Bavarian’ infers. Also, its role is to lead the speaker to underworld where ultimate source of vitality seems to reside. Prufrock’s utterances are wordy and redundant as well. For instance, he uses triplets from line 122 to 124. Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach? I shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach. I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. (122-124) Triplet is a powerful technique to finish because it lets reader to feel that something is completed. However, Prufrock could not insist temptation to add some more. Right after the triplet, he continues as if he murmurs, â€Å"I do not think they will sing to me† (125). This endless revision mars the effect of the triplet and even makes it redundant. Triplet turns out to be in vain and this structure strengthens Prufrock’s indecisive character, in accordance with contents Eliot and Lawrence are also both talented in using vivid and powerful images. In How Beastly the Bourgeois is, Lawrence borrowed the hollow and damp image of mushroom to describe Bourgeois. It starts â€Å"Nicely groomed like a mushroom† which gives some humor to the poem. In Bavarian Gentians, repetition of dark and blue makes strong impressions. The gentians are like dark torch â€Å"darkening the daytime† (4) and â€Å"their blaze of darkness† (5) assign unimaginable darkness to the gentians. The vivid and powerful images of gentians are so impressive that it remains long after the poem is finished. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is also famous for shocking images, devised by Eliot’s attempt to achieve ‘sudden contrast’. When the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table (2-3) This striking juxtaposition leaves strong images. Evening, like a patient etherized upon a table presents a symbolic landscape where Prufrocks’ unfruitful floundering eventually ends to be drowned. Line 8 to 9 also shows Eliot’s brilliance. The lines â€Å"tedious argument / Of insidious intent† (8-9) successfully secure the effect by putting unexpected words joined together. Eliot deliberately polished his lines to give exactly this unusual feeling. Samuel Johnson, however, criticized this kind of juxtaposition. He first named them ‘metaphysical’ poet with negative connotation. Also, he diminished the effect by arguing that in metaphysical poetry â€Å"the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together† (Samuel Johnson, Cowley). However, Eliot rebutted Johnson’s review in The Metaphysical Poets. The poet must become more and more comprehensive, more allusive, more indirect, in order to force, to dislocate if necessary, language into his meaning. Furthermore, he encourages that poetry should include heterogeneity of material compelled into unity only differ in degree. While both Eliot and Lawrence create powerful images, their concepts of image are very different. Lawrence claims â€Å"poetry must be spontaneous, flexible, alive, ‘direct utterance from the instant, whole man,’ and should express the â€Å"pulsating, carnal self† (The Poetry of the Present, 1919). His version of successful poetry should contain raw feeling of instinctual self. On the contrary, Eliot is strongly against dissociation of sense and sensibility. Therefore from Eliot’s point of view, Lawrence’s inclination toward sensibility is not desirable. In Eliot’s point of view, Lawrence could even be categorized as a romantic poet. It is because Lawrence’s trust in instinctive raw feeling might relate him to Romanticism where human’s individual feelings were though highly of. Eliot endeavors to deliver image by letting people â€Å"feel their thought as immediately as the odour of a rose† (Metaphysical poet). For him, thoughts do not conflict with feelings. They are rather harmoniously joined together and produce memorable expressions. He used ‘allusion’ to achieve these effects. When classical literature is inserted as an allusion, a text is connected to another, enlarging the thought and feelings of the text. While Romanticism regards poets’ genius as important, Eliot regards classical texts as so. Meanwhile, Lawrence values poet’s genius above others as he tries to capture ecstatic moments of vitality through his vision as shown in Bavarian Gentians. Eliot might advise Lawrence to control his overwhelming passions and use classical literature instead, for old texts often possess depths which enlarge the meaning of poetries. For example, an epigraph attached to the Love Song alludes to Dante’s Inferno. Guido confesses his sins to Dante only because he thought Dante would not be able to escape from the inferno and infamy him. Guido’s utterance takes place because Guido presumes that his utterance would mean nothing as if it has never existed. Prufrocks’s utterances are also facing ontological question. Unlike its title, love is neither ever achieved nor even declared. He confesses â€Å"It’s impossible just to say what I mean! † (104). His utterances fail without accomplishing any goal. Therefore, the epigraph arranged rich context in accordance with Prufrock’s situation. Although Lawrence might be related to Romanticism with regard to his trust in human instinct, he is not Romantic poet. Contrary to typical Romanticism which tends to be often criticized for its idealistic detachment, Lawrence sings the vitality of human instinct, closely related to reality. In Bavarian Gentians, the speaker does not fly away from reality but rather goes underground and face the reality of realities – death. Gentians’ dark and blue power guides the speaker to enter into the presence of Pluto. Were it not been for his desire for the essence of vitality, this brevity to face death would not be possible. Lawrence â€Å"takes off his mask of persona unlike other romantic poets such as Wordsworth and Yeats† (J. Kim, Lawrence) and vigorously recites his raw feeling as it is. As Eliot pursues to â€Å"incorporate erudition into sensibility† (Metaphysical Poets), he would prefer Bavarian Gentians to How Beastly the Bourgeois is. While Lawrence exposes direct feeling in both poems, Bavarian Gentians uses myths of Persephone or Odysseus. and Persephone herself is but a voice r a darkness invisible enfolded in the deeper dark of the arms Plutonic, and pierced with the passion of dense gloom, among the splendor of torches of darkness, shedding darkness on the lost bride and her groom. (16-20) Persephone or ‘the lost bride and her groom’ could be seen as allusions as it strengthens both the images of life and death. Persephone, combined with his mother Demet er, symbolizes uncontrollable vitality of land. Within this context, it become more persuasive that the speaker does go underground searching for essence of vitality retained in death. Regardless of their different techniques and themes, Eliot and Lawrence deliver messages and images vibrating with energy. They are contemporary poets with critical minds. Each took different measures to depict problems but both proved to be effective. Eliot who went over to England in pursuit of ‘tradition’, he referenced other works of literature within his text. This technique, called ‘allusion’ enabled Eliot’s text to be equipped with richer context in which the texts could be more delicately understood. Lawrence, on the other hand, focused more on expressing innate vitality of human being just like a person who was passionate enough to elope with his lover. He created direct and vivid images. Ceaselessly correcting himself, Prufrock loses his momentum. Eliot shows alienated character without making any adjustments. He rather chooses to borrow classical literature to round Prufrock’s character. Lawrence, meanwhile, tries to solve the problem of his era by suggesting the power of vitality. He urges others to pursue the vital power to the end, even till one faces death, where the essence of the power could be found. (1835 words) How to cite Eliot and Lawrence, Essay examples

The Opium Wars Britain Invades China Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Opium teaches merely one thing. which is that aside from physical agony. there is nil existent. † In the 1800’s British was a steamroller and China were egotistic. China remained wholly isolated from most of the universe in every facet including foreign trade. which was limited to the metropolis of Canton. Despite holding stiff authorities ordinances foreign trade bit by bit grew someplace between the 18Thursdayand 19Thursdaycentury. But as trade flourished the Western powers found themselves at an increasing trade shortage with China. This happened for the simple ground that China was a self sufficient economic system and hence had small or no involvement in western goods. Finally in the twelvemonth 1820 the West penetrated Chinese markets with one good they didn’t possess of course. opium. ( Malraux. 1965 ) Between the old ages 1829 and 1855 smuggling of the drug opium expanded throughout China’s South Coast. At the morning of 1820 9708 thoraxs of opium were smuggled but within a decennary grew to 35445 thoraxs about 400 % addition. At the morning of 1830 opium was strongly associated with China. Approximate every adult male below the age of 40 consumed opium. including bulk of the ground forces. All societal categories were affected the upper category to the provincials. Somewhere about the late 1930’s there were 12 million nuts in China. Due to this high rate of smuggling the antecedently held trade shortage by the Western states was now converted into a trade excess. China was greatly set back. The economic system was crippled by this pestilence. China on the other manus could non export plenty silk and tea to cut down the increasing shortage. To battle this Chinese authorities had to get down exporting their much valued Ag ; by 1836 the Chinese authorities exported about 4. 5 million worth of Ag. While by the twelvemonth 1839 opium tobacco users spent about 100 million taels whereas the authorities gross was merely 40 million taels. This drained and weakened the Chinese economic system. ( James. 1992 ) Such annihilating conditions needed redress and in 1838 Lin Tse-hsu was called upon to the Imperial Palace and assigned him to the obliteration of opium in China. Lin accepted the assignment cognizing he faced an acclivitous undertaking. Opium addicts grew to border 2 million and the concentration remained near the port metropolis on Canton where aliens smuggled immense sums of opium. Although the usage of opium had been banned since 1800 but black markets flourished and were hard to restrict. One of his first moves was to take over naval forces and collar all known opium traders. He besides set up intervention centres for nuts trusting to bring around this complaint. Over the months he enforced Torahs and collected half a million lb of opium and destroyed it but the British still went out of their manner to withstand Chinese Torahs and went down the Canton port to a Portuguese controlled port of Macao. This is the same topographic point where William John Napier tried to convert Chi nese functionaries to reconsider but without success. But even Lin Tse-hsu was unable to hold a permanent impact on curtailing the British. On March 27. 1839 Charles Elliot. British Superintendent of Trade ordered all bargainers to manus over the opium and go on trade ; they besides signed an understanding to avoid trade in opium under the decease punishment. In add-on Lin-Tse-hue issued a memorial to Queen Victoria oppugning the ethical motives of their authorities. No response from the British authorities or the merchandisers but in 1840 the British Indian Army arrived and during the struggle their high quality was rather apparent. Devasted China sued for peace where the British greatly benefitted with extortionate privileges. This wasn’t the terminal of the so called Opium War. in 1956 Chinese functionaries boarded a provateer’s vas registered under the British. and with a license of a twelvemonth the Chinese functionaries accused theArrowof drug smuggling. The British functionaries retaliated by impeaching the Chinese of disfiguring the British flag while review. The 2nd opium war started when the British attacked Guangzhou Gallic forces joined in and many other states got involved diplomatically. The Treaty of Tainjin was eventually agreed to after a twosome of old ages reluctantly. In 1859 perturbation erupted as China refused the puting up of the British Embassy in Beijing. where the British set fire to the summer castle after considerable robbery. Brused and battered at the Convention of Peking in 1860. seting and stop to the war and yielding to British demands of legalising opium. After all that had happened in the early 1900’s the Chinese authorities fought hard to cut down if non eliminate the usage of opium. The primary trouble faced by the Chinese authorities was that the indulgence and ingestion of this drug was by all categories of the society. Bing the national stimulation. the authorities lost gross which had to do up by infliction of other revenue enhancements and that opium proved to be more profitable than cultivation o f necessary cereals. ( Opium in China. neodymium ) The opium war had assorted long-run deductions. First the economic deductions. with the gap of the five ports to British trade flourished. These ports were centrally located in the most developed parts of China ; export of tea was up to 7500000 kilograms and silk up to 2000 bales in 1843. With addition in demand for silk and tea husbandmans shifted businesss and nutrient monetary values were driven up. With more ports opened local coolies and boaters lost occupations. Freight trafficking increased but every bit much to counterbalance the loss in occupations. The hiking in trade activities resulted in pecuniary crisis. the volume of trade cased a deficit of Spanish dollar and aggravated it to appreciate out of proportion. and so the Mexican Dollar was introduced. The crisis magnified with the gap of China’s economic system due to internal crisis. The Chinese Cu hard currency depreciated due to faulty disposal and deficit of Cu supply. With fiscal system capitulating paper money was eventually introduced in 1853. The most badly affected was the fabric industry. with imports of cheaper machines the monetary value of merchandises went down. Resulting in lower criterions of life. doing a cardinal alteration to the economic system of China. Although. China was doing a move towards a market economic system. Foreign exposure speeded up the procedure. but left China ill equipped to vie in foreign and domestic markets. On one manus such alteration undermined China’s autonomy. the urban and rural handcraft industries while on the other manus it bought great development chances. ( James. 1992 ) Second. the societal. political and ideological effects of the opium war caused China to recognize and detect many societal and political thoughts. Concepts of capitalist economy and democracy. and international diplomatic ties were all made known. It became empirical to larn from the West. to contend with the West. Chinese besides set up a foreign ministry of a kind to analyze technological promotions and modernness of warfare. Factories to provide for the depleted and old fashioned ground forcess were besides set up. With western intercession capitalist economy flourished ensuing in new industries shooting all over. Sadly these industries were run by administrative officials. They ran these industries as if for non-profit intents and created monopolies which prevented economic growing. Social economic China flourished but modern endeavors failed. still exciting growing of China capitalist economy. The War exposed many of the government’s weaknesses. The husbandmans had to sh oulder all the brunt and the economic system collapsed it encouraged many motions. With societal pandemonium prevalent. accommodating western patterns weren’t plenty. Private enterprises needed to last without authorities intercession. Besides the demand of a parliamentary system was emphasized. ( James. 1992 ) A war of any kind can take a batch of a state. The societal and economic deductions are seeable but the foundations are shattered to do wretchedness for the coevalss to come. The opium war was a consequence of the infliction of British domination on other weak states disregarding all ethical and moral evidences in carry oning their traffics. The opium war exposed China to the West. they believed their county was Heavenly Middle Kingdom and the emperor was considered to be the Son of Heaven. The war made China recognize its insufficiencies in societal and political Fieldss and take false impressions sing their domination. The pacts signed gifted the British and others to sully China. The exposure to capitalist economy did infact weaken China’s economic system but in the terminal helped them germinate and accommodate to new and efficient patterns. The war helped capitalist economy grow in China. ( Ryan. 2004 ) The opium war greatly weakened the authorities and accompanied with a prostration in economic system ensuing in high degrees on unemployment and poorness over the state. All these factors disruptedthe repose in the state. societal agitation every bit good as mutiny further weakened the foundations of the antecedently self-sufficing economic system. The war had such a annihilating impact that the seniors. functionaries and intellectuals of the state were forced to revise and plan new societal and political system for the state. Adaptation was called for ; functionaries realized that in order for China to recover past awards they had to larn from the West. Intellectuals began to analyze western states. On the other manus the authorities imported assorted modern engineerings to vie in assorted industries in both foreign and domestic industries. The impression of democratic regulation was being earnestly considered. It is to this extent did China hold to alter. This was opened China. It put China at the clemency of the West. The war made the Chinese recognize what a weak state they were. and the demand to beef up to forestall future disagreements feelings of patriotism and anti-western sentiments erupted. These issues play an of import portion in Chinese modern history. In the late 1600’s Chinese imported poppy seeds for medical interventions little did they cognize these seeds would make to loss of life and revamping of the whole economic system through war and devastation. Both the opium wars caused he sad death degree Fahrenheit Qing’s dynasty. China’s last imperial dynasty. Most would reason that the war bought foreword a much needed encouragement to modernness. the Chinese will ever see them as a dark page in history. greedy and barbarous battle. Mentions Boy. A. ( 2006 May 10 ) . Opium Wars. Retrieved February 27. 2008. from Scriptovia Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //scriptovia. com/document-landing. aspx? DocID=383 Carl A. Trocki. Opium. Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade. 1750-1950 ( London: Routledge. 1999 Chrastina. Paul ( 1920 ) . Opium Wars. Retrieved February 27. 2008. from Old News Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. oldnewspublishing. com/opium. htm Dale. Ryan ( 2004 ) . Global Problems. Global Responses. Retrieved February 29. 2008. from the national Association of Christian Recovery Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nacronline. com/dox/library/daler/global. shtml James. P ( 1992 ) . Opium Wars and Opening of China. Retrieved February 27. 2008. from Homestead Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //historyliterature. homestead. com/files/extended. html # Abstract Malraux. A. ( 1965 ) . Andre Malraux quotes. Retrieved February 27. 2008. from Think exist Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //en. thinkexist. com/quotes/andre_malraux/ USDHEW. Nida. ( 1978 ) . Opium in China ( 1700-1860 ) . Retrieved February 27. 2008. from APACHE Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //mojo. calyx. net/~schaffer/heroin/opichin1. hypertext markup language